Measurement across languages
Protect the construct, scale and response logic
Survey translation is not complete when every sentence has an equivalent. Questions, instructions, scales and response options must elicit the intended concept in the target context. The workflow can include translation, reconciliation, back translation, cognitive review and field feedback.
A question can be grammatical yet measure a different idea. Review, reconciliation and field feedback should focus on concepts, answerability and comparability—not word-for-word similarity.


